Vantage Essay Scoring

The use of AES for high-stakes testing in education has generated significant backlash, with opponents pointing to research that computers cannot yet grade writing accurately and arguing that their use for such purposes promotes teaching writing in reductive ways (i.e. As early as 1982, a UNIX program called Writer's Workbench was able to offer punctuation, spelling, and grammar advice. Online Writing Evaluation Service uses the e-rater engine to provide both scores and targeted feedback.It is now a product from Pearson Educational Technologies and used for scoring within a number of commercial products and state and national exams. Lawrence Rudner has done some work with Bayesian scoring, and developed a system called BETSY (Bayesian Essay Test Scoring s Ystem).

The use of AES for high-stakes testing in education has generated significant backlash, with opponents pointing to research that computers cannot yet grade writing accurately and arguing that their use for such purposes promotes teaching writing in reductive ways (i.e. As early as 1982, a UNIX program called Writer's Workbench was able to offer punctuation, spelling, and grammar advice. Online Writing Evaluation Service uses the e-rater engine to provide both scores and targeted feedback.It is now a product from Pearson Educational Technologies and used for scoring within a number of commercial products and state and national exams. Lawrence Rudner has done some work with Bayesian scoring, and developed a system called BETSY (Bayesian Essay Test Scoring s Ystem).

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It is reported as three figures, each a percent of the total number of essays scored: exact agreement (the two raters gave the essay the same score), adjacent agreement (the raters differed by at most one point; this includes exact agreement), and extreme disagreement (the raters differed by more than two points).

Expert human graders were found to achieve exact agreement on 53% to 81% of all essays, and adjacent agreement on 97% to 100%.

Before computers entered the picture, high-stakes essays were typically given scores by two trained human raters.

If the scores differed by more than one point, a third, more experienced rater would settle the disagreement.

Among them are percent agreement, Scott's π, Cohen's κ, Krippendorf's α, Pearson's correlation coefficient r, Spearman's rank correlation coefficient ρ, and Lin's concordance correlation coefficient.

Percent agreement is a simple statistic applicable to grading scales with scores from 1 to n, where usually 4 ≤ n ≤ 6.

Its objective is to classify a large set of textual entities into a small number of discrete categories, corresponding to the possible grades—for example, the numbers 1 to 6.

Therefore, it can be considered a problem of statistical classification.

Some of his results have been published in print or online, but no commercial system incorporates BETSY as yet.

Under the leadership of Howard Mitzel and Sue Lottridge, Pacific Metrics developed a constructed response automated scoring engine, CRASE®.